American Naturalist, Plant Physiology, Auk, Cell, Journal of Experimental Biology, (((Examples of magazines that cannot be used: National Geographic, Discover, Scientific&nbsp

Assuming that the cytosol is at pH 7.5 and the matrix is a sphere with a diameter of 1 μM, calculate the total number of protons in the matrix of a respiring liver mitochondrion. If the matrix began at pH 7.5 (equal to that in the cytosol), how many protons would have to be pumped out to establish a matrix pH of 8.5? The electrochemical proton gradient is responsible not only for ATP production in bacteria, mitochondria, and chloroplasts, but also for powering bacterial flagella. The flagellar motor is thought to be driven directly by the flux of protons through it. To test this idea, you analyze a motile strain of Streptococcus. These bacteria swim when glucose is available for oxidation, but they do not swim when glucose is absent (and no other substrate is available for oxidation).